In the 12th century AH, the Arabian Peninsula was experiencing a state of chaos and disintegration, until the establishment of the First Saudi State in 1139 AH (1727 AD) by Imam Muhammad bin Saud, with Diriyah chosen as its capital. The state succeeded in uniting most of the regions of the Arabian Peninsula, contributing to the spread of security, stability, and the application of Islamic law. During this period, there was prosperity in sciences and knowledge, as well as development in administrative and economic systems. However, the First Saudi State ended in 1233 AH (1818 AD) after campaigns by the Ottoman Empire led by Ibrahim Pasha, which led to the destruction of Diriyah and several other regions."